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Hoa bia (Hops)
Humulus lupulus
Common hop
No specific contraindications in available data.
GRAS status.
β-Myrcene is reproductively toxic in pregnant rats at 500 mg per kg, not at 250 mg per kg. No specific dose limit for hop oil.
Although the hop plant contains estrogenic substances, no evidence exists for their presence in the essential oil, the 'hop oil has estrogen activity' claim common in aromatherapy literature lacks scientific basis.
| α-Caryophyllene | 36.7 % |
| β-Myrcene | 25.4 % |
| β-Caryophyllene | 9.8 % |
| γ-Cadinene | 5.5 % |
| δ-Cadinene | 4.1 % |
| α-Muurolene | 3.0 % |
| α-Copaene | 1.5 % |
| Geraniol | 1.5 % |
| Sabinene | 1.4 % |
| β-Selinene | 1.2 % |
| Linalool | 1.1 % |
Humulus lupulus is a temperate Northern Hemisphere perennial vine. The female cones (unfertilized female flowers) are the key brewing ingredient, bitter with a characteristic tannin aroma. The oil is steam-distilled from dried cones.
Mainly produced in Germany (Hallertau, Saaz), USA (Yakima Valley, Washington), England (Kent).
Family Moraceae. Same family as fig and mulberry.