Fir needle (silver)

Oxidation products of (+)-limonene and α-pinene may sensitize skin.

Store in dark, sealed, refrigerated container. Add an antioxidant.

No irritation or sensitization at 20 percent test level. Non-phototoxic.

Likely not hazardous in pregnancy based on data for (+)-limonene, α-pinene and camphene.

Same Abies alba tree as silver fir cone oil, but this oil is distilled from needles, not cones. The chemistry differs markedly.

Produced in Eastern Europe and Siberia. Family Pinaceae.

Among Abies oils, silver fir needle is unusually rich in (+)-limonene (54.7 percent), a distinguishing feature.

May be adulterated with pinenes, bornyl acetate, isobornyl acetate.