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(-)-Limonene

(S)-(-)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene

(S)-(-)-Limonene · l-Limonene · p-Mentha-1,8-diene · 1,8-p-Menthadiene

Monocyclic monoterpenoid alkene · C₁₀H₁₆

Chemical structure of (-)-Limonene
2D structure PubChem / NCI CIR

Chemical info

CAS number CAS
5989-54-8
Molecular formula
C₁₀H₁₆
Molecular weight
136.23 g/mol
Aroma
Lightly pine and faintly minty, less citrus than the (+)-isomer. A secondary note in pine and mint oils.

Safety

Low concern · Trace constituent

(-)-Limonene is the optical enantiomer of (+)-limonene, appearing as a minor constituent in some pine, mint and other oils.

Skin. A 4 percent patch test on 25 volunteers showed no irritation or sensitization. On 1,200 dermatitis patients, 2 percent (-)-limonene caused no irritant or allergic reactions. However, oxidized (-)-limonene at 3 percent caused allergic reactions in 6 of 658 hand eczema patients (0.9 percent).

Acute toxicity. Acute oral LD50 in rats exceeded 5 g/kg. Acute dermal LD50 in rabbits exceeded 5 g/kg.

Kidney. (-)-Limonene caused protein droplet nephropathy in male rats when given by gavage at 800 or 1,600 mg/kg/day for 28 days. As with (+)-limonene, this effect is specific to male rats due to high a2u-globulin levels and is not relevant to humans.

Usage guidelines

Concern level
Low, conditional on storage
Peroxide limit
Below 20 mmol peroxide/liter per FMA method
Storage
Add antioxidants at the time of production

Notes

Pure (-)-limonene is not skin reactive, but the oxidized form can be allergenic. The compound appears as a minor constituent in some pine and mint oils.